According to cheeroutdoor, Poland was the first among the CEE countries to begin systemic transformations in the economy at the turn of 1989–90 and, having overcome the economic crisis, was the first to not only restore the pre-crisis level of GDP production by 1996, but also significantly improved its structure. During the years of reforms,… Read More »
Although in the last two decades before the war, Polish literature had repeatedly proclaimed its independence from any tendentiousness or purpose that was not inherent in itself, yet it has always, and inevitably, remained somewhat linked to the fundamental problem of all forces. national: freedom and unity of the fatherland. Indeed, up to 1830, literature… Read More »
The first impetus for the renewal of poetry also this time comes from abroad, and we gladly refer to the French Baudelaire, Verlaine and Mallarmé and, among the Italians, to D’Annunzio. But the young Polish poets also had two unusually “modern” models in their tradition: Słowacki and Norwid. It is only now that Słowacki is… Read More »
In the double essence – on the one hand the anguished relationship between individual freedom and national freedom, and the religious sublimation of both in the universe; on the other hand, the messianistic conception of the Polish nation and its mission in the world – Polish romanticism is profoundly autochthonous, because it is due to… Read More »
The reign of the two Saxons is the period of the greatest chaos of Polish literature: not a single important work was published under the reign of Augustus II; while during August III’s 28 years of misrule, literary history, apart from the scholastic-Jesuit comedies of Franciszek Bohomolec (1720-84), who among other things owes much to… Read More »
In any case, the diffusion by means of the press, soon imported into Poland, of Polish works, is due to the printers, “Polonicati Germani”, of Krakow;Hortulus animae – Raj duszny (1514) is the first Polish printed book. How much part is due to the bourgeoisie in the late compilation in Poland of various types of… Read More »
According to BAGLIB, the sec. XV instead marks a vigorous cultural progress. Already at the time of Casimir the Great, Poland had entered into closer relations with the West: Polish schoolchildren had attended Italian universities and in 1364 the University of Krakow was founded, which after a short period of hibernation was renewed by Queen… Read More »
Latin and Polish, and indeed, in its origins, more Latin than Polish, is the literary culture of the Piasti and Jagellonids in Poland. Then, at the time of King Báthory and the Wasa, Latin, despite its greater diffusion, slowly gave way to Polish: in the first half of the century. XVII shines once again with… Read More »
Poland is located in eastern central Europe. It essentially consists of lowlands, which are bordered in the southwest and south by the low mountain range of the Sudetes and Carpathians. The largest rivers, the Vistula and the Oder, play an important role as inland waterways. The majority of the country’s population consists of Poles. The capital… Read More »
From 970 after Christ until the last world war, Poland was always forced to fight to defend its freedom from the aims of two powerful enemies: Russia and Germany. At the beginning of the eighth century after Christ, many different tribes lived in Poland, the most important of which was that of the Poloni, from… Read More »